650 lines
19 KiB
TeX
650 lines
19 KiB
TeX
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Own Simulations}
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\label{sec:Own Simulation}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Design Steps}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item Determination of operating point of individual stages
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\begin{itemize}
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\item SQuad
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\item TIA
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\item Buffer
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\end{itemize}
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\item Integration
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\begin{itemize}
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\item SQuad \& TIA
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\item SQuad, TIA \& Buffer
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\end{itemize}
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\item Further iterative optimization of parameters (e.g., determine LO power,\\ increase buffer current for linearity, \ldots)
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\item Matching of input and output
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Switching Quad}
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\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Operation
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Responsible for actual mixing
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\item Multiplication of RF-signal with square wave $\rightarrow$ generation of mixing products at IF-frequency and harmonics
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\bigskip
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Determination of operating point
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Exact value of $V_\text{CE}$ not crucial
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\item $V_\text{BE}$: Examination of $s_\text{21}$
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of Large-signal s-parameter simulation and noise figure (analogous to \citereference{Mai+21})
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{minipage}%
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\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\vspace*{-5mm}
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\hspace*{15mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{res/simulation/SQuad_OP_01.pdf}
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\vspace*{-18mm}
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\hspace*{-55mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{res/simulation/SQuad_OP_02.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{minipage}
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\vspace{4mm}
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\addreference{Mai+21}{T. Maiwald et al., ``A Broadband Zero-IF Down-Conversion Mixer in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS for Beyond 5G Communication Systems in D-Band'', in \emph{IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs}, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 2277-2281, July 2021}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Switching Quad}
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\vspace*{-2mm}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$V_\text{BE}\ (\text{V})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{s_\text{21}}\ (\text{dB})$},
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ytick={-50,-40,...,0,10},
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xtick={0.5,0.6,...,1.2},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=VBE, y=s21]
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{res/simulation/SQuad_OP_s21_vs_VBE.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(0.8,5.031)} node[pin=-100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$V_\text{BE}\ (\text{V})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{dsb}\ (\text{dB})$},
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ytick={0,10,...,60},
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xtick={0.5,0.6,...,1.2},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=VBE, y=NFdsb]
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{res/simulation/SQuad_NFdsb.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(0.8,8.607)} node[pin=100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}
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\end{figure}
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\vspace*{-2mm}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Plotted for $f_\text{LO}=\SI{135}{GHz}, f_\text{RF}=\SI{140}{GHz}$
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\item Double-sideband noise figure $\mathit{NF}_\text{dsb}$ (direct conversion mixer)
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\item Chosen operating point: $V_\text{BE} = \SI{0.8}{V}$
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Transimpedance Amplifier}
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\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Operation
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Conversion of switched current to voltage, amplification
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\item Modified Cherry-Hooper topology: decoupling of bandwidth and gain, modification for greater dynamic range
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\bigskip
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Determination of operating point
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Exact value of supply voltage not crucial
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\item S-parameter simulation: Examination of maximum available gain ($\mathit{MAG}$) and minimum noise figure ($\mathit{NF}_\text{min}$)
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\item At this stage: only determination of operating point of bottom transistors
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{minipage}%
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\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
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\vspace*{-6mm}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\hspace*{-8mm}
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\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{res/simulation/TIA_OP_01.pdf}
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\vspace*{-20mm}
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\hspace*{58mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{res/simulation/TIA_OP_02.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Transimpedance Amplifier}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$I_\text{C}\ (\text{mA})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{MAG}\ (\text{dB})$},
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grid,
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xtick={0,2,...,20},
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ytick={-15, -10, ..., 15},
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=IC, y=MaxGain]
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{res/simulation/TIA_OP_MaxGain_vs_IC.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(5,15.532)} node[pin=-100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$I_\text{C}\ (\text{mA})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{min}\ (\text{dB})$},
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xtick={0,2,...,20},
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ytick={0,2,...,16},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=IC, y=NFmin]
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{res/simulation/TIA_OP_NFmin_vs_IC.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(5,2.756)} node[pin=100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Plotted for $f_\text{IF} = \SI{20}{GHz}$
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\item Chosen operating point: $I_\text{C} = \SI{5}{mA}$ (with multiplier of $10$)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Buffer}
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\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Operation
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Amplification of signal
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\item Comprises three stages: two differential amplifiers and an emitter follower
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\bigskip
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Determination of operating point
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Exact value of supply voltage not crucial at this point
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\item S-parameter simulation: Examination of $\mathit{MAG}$ and $\mathit{NF}_\text{min}$
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\item \textbf{Note}: Adjustment with respect to linearity at the very end
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{minipage}%
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\begin{minipage}{0.57\textwidth}
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\vspace*{-5mm}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\hspace*{2mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{res/simulation/Buffer_OP.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Operating Point: Buffer}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$I_\text{C}\ (\text{mA})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{MAG}\ (\text{dB})$},
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grid,
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xtick={0.5,1,...,5},
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ytick={-20, -15, ..., 20},
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=IC, y=MaxGain]
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{res/simulation/Buffer_OP_MaxGain_vs_IC.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(3,8.231)} node[pin=-100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.75\textwidth,
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xlabel={$I_\text{C}\ (\text{mA})$},
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ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{min}\ (\text{dB})$},
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xtick={0.5,1,...,5},
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ytick={0,2,...,22},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=IC, y=NFmin]
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{res/simulation/Buffer_OP_NFmin_vs_IC.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(3,3.419)} node[pin=100:{Q}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Plotted for $f_\text{IF} = \SI{20}{GHz}$
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\item Chosen operating point: $I_\text{C} = \SI{3}{mA}$
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Integration: SQuad \& TIA}
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\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item DC coupling $\rightarrow$ Redesign of bias circuitry
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\item Supply voltage fixed to $\SI{2.5}{\volt}$ to not exceed breakdown voltage of transistors
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\item Examination using Harmonic-Balance simulation:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Conversion gain
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\item $\SI{1}{dB}$ compression point ($P_{\SI{1}{dB}}$)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{minipage}%
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\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
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\vspace*{-38mm}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\includegraphics[width=0.67\textwidth]{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_01.pdf}
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\vspace*{-50mm}
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\hspace{-70mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=0.28\textwidth]{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_02.pdf}
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\vspace*{-20mm}
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\hspace{60mm}%
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\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_03.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Integration: SQuad \& TIA}
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\vspace*{-4mm}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={$P_\text{IF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xlabel={$P_\text{LO}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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grid,
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xtick={-50,-40,...,10},
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ytick={-80,-70,...,-20},
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=LOPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
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{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_ConvGain_vs_LOPow.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(-5,-31.031)} node[pin=-100:{OP}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\hspace*{2mm}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={Conversion Gain (dB)},
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xlabel={$f_\text{RF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
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xtick={-110,-100,...,170},
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ytick={-10,-8,...,10},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=RFFreq, y=ConvGain]
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{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_ConvGain_vs_RFFreq.csv};
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\draw[dashed] (axis cs:135, 0) -- (axis cs:135,12);
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\node at (axis cs:147,1.25) {$f_\text{LO} = \SI{135}{GHz}$};
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={$P_\text{IF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xlabel={$P_\text{RF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xtick={-60,-50,...,20},
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ytick={-60,-50,...,10},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=RFPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
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{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_ConvGain_vs_RFPow.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(-20,-11.927)} node[pin=-80:{$P_{\SI{1}{dB}}$}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{dsb}\ (\text{dB})$},
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xlabel={$f_\text{IF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
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xtick={0,5,...,30},
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ytick={9.4,9.6,...,10.8},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=f, y=NF]
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{res/simulation/INT_SQuad_TIA_noise.csv};
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\draw[dashed] (axis cs:135, 0) -- (axis cs:135,12);
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\node at (axis cs:147,1.25) {$f_\text{LO} = \SI{135}{GHz}$};
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Integration: SQuad, TIA \& Buffer}
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|
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\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item DC coupling $\rightarrow$ Redesign of bias circuitry
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\item Supply voltage fixed to $\SI{2.5}{\volt}$
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\item Examination using Harmonic-Balance simulation:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Conversion gain
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\item $\SI{1}{dB}$ compression point ($P_{\SI{1}{dB}}$)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{minipage}%
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\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
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\vspace*{-5mm}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{res/simulation/INT_Buffer.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Integration: SQuad, TIA \& Buffer}
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\vspace*{-4mm}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={$P_\text{IF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xlabel={$P_\text{LO}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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grid,
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xtick={-50,-40,...,10},
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ytick={-60,-50,...,0},
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=LOPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
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{res/simulation/INT_Buffer_ConvGain_vs_LOPow.csv};
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\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(-5,-2.226)} node[pin=-100:{OP}]{} ;
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\hspace{2mm}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={Conversion Gain (dB)},
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xlabel={$f_\text{RF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
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xtick={-110,-100,...,170},
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ytick={20,22,...,40},
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grid,
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]
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\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
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table[col sep=comma, x=RFFreq, y=ConvGain]
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{res/simulation/INT_Buffer_ConvGain_vs_RFFreq.csv};
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\draw[dashed] (axis cs:135, 30) -- (axis cs:135,40);
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\node at (axis cs:147,33) {$f_\text{LO} = \SI{135}{GHz}$};
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{subfigure}%
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\textwidth,
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height=0.5\textwidth,
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ylabel={$P_\text{IF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xlabel={$P_\text{RF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
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xtick={-60,-50,...,20},
|
|
ytick={-50,-40,...,10},
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=RFPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
|
|
{res/simulation/INT_Buffer_ConvGain_vs_RFPow.csv};
|
|
\addplot[mark=*] coordinates {(-40,-2.226)} node[pin=-80:{$P_{\SI{1}{dB}}$}]{} ;
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
|
\begin{axis}[
|
|
width=\textwidth,
|
|
height=0.5\textwidth,
|
|
ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{dsb}\ (\text{dB})$},
|
|
xlabel={$f_\text{IF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
|
|
xtick={0,5,...,30},
|
|
ytick={9.4,9.6,...,10.8},
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=f, y=NF]
|
|
{res/simulation/INT_Buffer_noise.csv};
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Final Circuit}
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[H]
|
|
\centering
|
|
\vspace*{-20mm}
|
|
\hspace{40mm}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{res/simulation/final_01.pdf}
|
|
|
|
\vspace*{-40mm}
|
|
\hspace{-120mm}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{res/simulation/final_02.pdf}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Final Circuit}
|
|
|
|
\vspace*{-4mm}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
|
\begin{axis}[
|
|
width=\textwidth,
|
|
height=0.5\textwidth,
|
|
ylabel={$20 \log_{10}(s_{xy})$ (dB)},
|
|
xlabel={$f (\text{GHz})$},
|
|
legend pos = south east,
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=f, y=SRF]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_S_RF.csv};
|
|
\addlegendentry{$s_{11}$ (RF)}
|
|
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=f, y=SLO]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_S_LO.csv};
|
|
\addlegendentry{$s_{22}$ (LO)}
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\hspace{2mm}
|
|
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
|
\begin{axis}[
|
|
width=\textwidth,
|
|
height=0.5\textwidth,
|
|
ylabel={Conversion Gain (dB)},
|
|
xlabel={$f_\text{RF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
|
|
xtick={-110,-100,...,170},
|
|
ytick={10,15,...,40},
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=RFFreq, y=ConvGain]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_ConvGain_vs_RFFreq.csv};
|
|
\draw[dashed] (axis cs:135, 5) -- (axis cs:135,40);
|
|
\node at (axis cs:147,12) {$f_\text{LO} = \SI{135}{GHz}$};
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
|
\begin{axis}[
|
|
width=\textwidth,
|
|
height=0.5\textwidth,
|
|
ylabel={$\mathit{NF}_\text{dsb}\ (\text{dB})$},
|
|
xlabel={$f_\text{IF}\ (\text{GHz})$},
|
|
xtick={0,5,...,30},
|
|
ytick={9,9.5,...,11.5},
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=f, y=NF]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_noise.csv};
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
|
\begin{axis}[
|
|
width=\textwidth,
|
|
height=0.5\textwidth,
|
|
ylabel={$P_\text{IF}\ (\text{dBm})$},
|
|
xlabel={$P_\text{RF} / P_\text{LO} \ (\text{dBm})$},
|
|
legend pos = south west,
|
|
xtick = {-90,-80,...,10},
|
|
ytick = {-100,-80,...,0},
|
|
grid,
|
|
]
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=RFPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_ConvGain_vs_RFPow.csv};
|
|
\addlegendentry{RF}
|
|
|
|
\addplot+[mark=none, line width=1pt]
|
|
table[col sep=comma, x=LOPow, y expr=(\thisrowno{1}-40)]
|
|
{res/simulation/final_ConvGain_vs_LOPow.csv};
|
|
\addlegendentry{LO}
|
|
\end{axis}
|
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
|
\end{subfigure}%
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
%\begin{frame}
|
|
% \frametitle{Simulation Setup}
|
|
%
|
|
% \begin{figure}[H]
|
|
% \centering
|
|
%
|
|
% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{res/simulation/schematic.pdf}
|
|
% \end{figure}
|
|
%
|
|
% \begin{itemize}
|
|
% \item [TODO] Simulation schematics
|
|
% \item [TODO] Differences to schematic from paper (if any)
|
|
% \end{itemize}
|
|
%\end{frame}
|
|
%
|
|
%\begin{frame}
|
|
% \frametitle{Design Steps}
|
|
%
|
|
% \begin{itemize}
|
|
% \item [TODO] Idea: approach from lecture: first worry about actual circuit, biasing later
|
|
% \item [TODO] Choice of transistors
|
|
% \item [TODO] Choice of operating points
|
|
% \item [TODO] Rest of schematic details (?)
|
|
% \end{itemize}
|
|
%\end{frame}
|
|
%
|
|
%\begin{frame}
|
|
% \frametitle{Simulation Results}
|
|
%
|
|
% \begin{itemize}
|
|
% \item [TODO] Simulation results
|
|
% \item [TODO] Intuitive explanation of results
|
|
% \end{itemize}
|
|
%\end{frame}
|
|
%
|
|
%\begin{frame}
|
|
% \frametitle{Comparison with Standard Topology}
|
|
%
|
|
% \begin{itemize}
|
|
% \item [TODO] (Remove if not applicable)
|
|
% \item [TODO] Comparison of pros and cons of each topology
|
|
% \item [TODO] Comparison of simulation results
|
|
% \end{itemize}
|
|
%\end{frame}
|