diff --git a/src/thesis/acronyms.tex b/src/thesis/acronyms.tex index 13b4c25..0267980 100644 --- a/src/thesis/acronyms.tex +++ b/src/thesis/acronyms.tex @@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ long=low-density parity-check } +\DeclareAcronym{qldpc}{ + short=QLDPC, + long=quantum low-density parity-check +} + \DeclareAcronym{ml}{ short=ML, long=maximum likelihood @@ -82,3 +87,8 @@ short=PDF, long=probability density function } + +\DeclareAcronym{bb}{ + short=BB, + long=bivariate bicycle +} diff --git a/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex b/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex index e3f2137..397d719 100644 --- a/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex +++ b/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex @@ -1400,23 +1400,47 @@ corresponding physical qubit, the rest to the $Z$ operators. \label{fig:sec} \end{figure} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \subsection{Decoding Stabilizer Codes} +% \label{subsec:Decoding Stabilizer Codes} +% +% +% +% \noindent\indent\red{[The QEC decoding problem +% \cite[Sec.~2.3]{yao_belief_2024}]} \\ +% \indent\red{[+ Degeneracy]} \\ +% \indent\red{[``The task of decoding is therefore to infer, from a +% measured syndrome, the most likely error coset rather than the exact +% physical error.'' +% % tex-fmt: off +% \cite[Sec.~II~B)]{koutsioumpas_colour_2025}% +% % tex-fmt: on +% ]} \\ +% \indent\red{[Fixing the error after finding it +% \cite[Sec.~10.5.5]{nielsen_quantum_2010} -> This +% may require introducing the gates as unitary]} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Calderbank-Shor-Steane Codes} \label{subsec:Calderbank-Shor-Steane Codes} +% Intro + Stabilizer codes are especially practical to work with when they can -handle $X$- and $Z$-type errors independently. +handle $X$ and $Z$ type errors independently. As $Z$ errors anti-commute with $X$ operators in the stabilizers and vice versa, this property translates into being able to split the stabilizers into some being made up of only $X$ operators and some only of $Z$ operators. We call such codes \ac{css} codes. -We can see this property in \autoref{eq:steane}, in the check matrix +We can see this property in \autoref{eq:steane} in the check matrix of the Steane code. +% Construction + We can exploit this separate consideration of $X$ and $Z$ errors in the construction of \ac{css} codes. -We can combine two binary linear codes $\mathcal{C}_1$ and +We combine two binary linear codes $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$, each responsible for correcting one type of error \cite[Sec.~10.5.6]{nielsen_quantum_2010}. Using the dual code of $\mathcal{C}_2$ \cite[Eq.~3.4]{ryan_channel_2009} @@ -1437,10 +1461,11 @@ we can construct the check matrix as \end{align*} In order to yield a valid stabilizer code, $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$ must satisfy the commutativity condition -\begin{align*} +\begin{align} + \label{eq:css_condition} \bm{H}(\mathcal{C}_2^\perp) \bm{H}(\mathcal{C}_1)^\text{T} = \bm{0} .% -\end{align*} +\end{align} We can ensure this is the case by choosing them such that $\mathcal{C}_2 \subset \mathcal{C}_1$. @@ -1448,29 +1473,63 @@ $\mathcal{C}_2 \subset \mathcal{C}_1$. \subsection{Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check Codes} \label{subsec:Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check Codes} -\noindent\red{[(?) Mention color and surface codes]} \\ -\noindent\red{[Constant overhead scaling]} \\ -\noindent\red{[Scaling of minimum distance with code length]} \\ -\noindent\red{[Bivariate Bicycle codes]} \\ -\noindent\red{[Decoding QLDPC codes (syndrome-based BP)]} \\ -\noindent\red{[Degeneracy -> BP+OSD, BPGD]} \\ -\noindent\red{[``The task of decoding is therefore to infer, from a - measured syndrome, the most likely error coset rather than the exact - physical error.'' -% tex-fmt: off -\cite[Sec.~II~B)]{koutsioumpas_colour_2025}% -% tex-fmt: on -]} \\ +% Intro -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Decoding Quantum Codes} -\label{subsec:Decoding Quantum Codes} +Various methods of constructing \ac{qec} codes exist +\cite{swierkowska_eccentric_2025}. +\red{[topological codes]} +\red{[(?) Mention color and surface codes]}. +A more recent development is that of quantum \ac{ldpc} (\acs{qldpc}) codes. -\noindent\indent\red{[The QEC decoding problem -\cite[Sec.~2.3]{yao_belief_2024}]} \\ -\indent\red{[+ Degeneracy]} \\ -\indent\red{[+ Short cycles]} \\ -\indent\red{[Fixing the error after finding it - \cite[Sec.~10.5.5]{nielsen_quantum_2010} -> This -may require introducing the gates as unitary]} +% Why QLDPC codes are interesting + +\indent\red{[Constant overhead scaling]} \\ +\indent\red{[Scaling of minimum distance with code length]} \\ + +% Bivariate Bicycle codes + +% TODO: Introduce H_X and H_Z above +A recent addition to the class of \ac{qldpc} codes is that of \ac{bb} +codes \cite[Sec.~3]{bravyi_high-threshold_2024}. +These are a special type of \ac{css} code, where $\bm{H}_X$ and +$\bm{H}_Z$ are constructed from two matrices $\bm{A}$ and $\bm{B}$ as +\begin{align*} + \bm{H}_X = [\bm{A} \vert \bm{B}] + \hspace*{5mm} \text{and} \hspace*{5mm} + \bm{H}_Z = [\bm{B}^\text{T} \vert \bm{A}^\text{T}] + .% +\end{align*} +This way, we can guarantee the satisfaction of the commutativity +condition (\autoref{eq:css_condition}). +To define $\bm{A}$ and $\bm{B}$ we first introduce some additional notation. +We denote the identity matrix as $\bm{I_l} \in \mathbb{F}^{l\times l}$ and +the \emph{cyclic shift matrix} as $\bm{S_l} \in \mathbb{F}^{l\times +l},~S_{l,i,j}= \delta_{i+1,j}$, with $l \in \mathbb{N}$. +We further define +\begin{align*} + x = \bm{S}_l \otimes \bm{I}_m + \hspace*{5mm} \text{and} \hspace*{5mm} + y = \bm{I}_l \otimes \bm{S}_m + .% +\end{align*} +We can then construct $\bm{A}$ and $\bm{B}$ as bivariate polynomials +\begin{align*} + \bm{A} = \bm{A}_1 + \bm{A}_2 + \bm{A}_3 + \hspace*{5mm} \text{and} \hspace*{5mm} + \bm{B} = \bm{B}_1 + \bm{B}_2 + \bm{B}_3 + ,% +\end{align*} +where $\bm{A}_i$ and $\bm{B}_i$ are powers of $\bm{x}$ or $\bm{y}$. +\ac{bb} codes have large minimum distance $d_\text{min}$ and high rate, +offering a more than 10-time reduction of encoding overhead over the +surface code. +Additionally, they posess short-depth syndrome measurement circuits, +leading to lower time requirements for the syndrome extraction +and thus lower error rates \cite[Sec.~1]{bravyi_high-threshold_2024}. + +% Decoding QLDPC codes + +\indent\red{[Decoding QLDPC codes (syndrome-based BP)]} \\ +\indent\red{[Short cycles]} \\ +\indent\red{[Degeneracy + short cycles -> BP+OSD, BPGD]} \\ diff --git a/src/thesis/chapters/3_fault_tolerant_qec.tex b/src/thesis/chapters/3_fault_tolerant_qec.tex index fc551f4..4914b74 100644 --- a/src/thesis/chapters/3_fault_tolerant_qec.tex +++ b/src/thesis/chapters/3_fault_tolerant_qec.tex @@ -10,9 +10,5 @@ \subsection{Detector Error Models} \section{Practical Considerations} \subsection{Practical Methodology} - -\indent\red{[(?) Figure from presentation, showing where the LER -calculation takes place]} \\ - \subsection{Stim}