diff --git a/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex b/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex index 5976476..d7df762 100644 --- a/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex +++ b/src/thesis/chapters/2_fundamentals.tex @@ -895,6 +895,12 @@ We have \end{align} We call $\ket{x_0, \ldots, x_n}~, x_i \in \{0,1\}$ the \emph{computational basis states} \cite[Sec.~4.6]{nielsen_quantum_2010}. +To additionally simplify set notation, we define +\begin{align*} + \mathcal{M}^{\otimes n} := \underbrace{\mathcal{M}\otimes \ldots + \otimes \mathcal{M}}_{n \text{ times}} + .% +\end{align*} % Entanglement @@ -970,11 +976,14 @@ Luckily, we can express any operator as a linear combination of the \hspace{2.75mm}\ket{1} \mapsto -j\ket{0} \hspace*{1mm}. \end{array} \end{align*} -$I$ is the identity operator and $X$ and $Z$ are referred to as -\emph{bit-flips} and \emph{phase-flips} respectively. In fact, if we allow for complex coefficients, the $X$ and $Z$ operators are sufficient to express any other operator as a linear combination \cite[Sec.~2.2]{roffe_quantum_2019}. +$I$ is the identity operator and $X$ and $Z$ are referred to as +\emph{bit-flips} and \emph{phase-flips} respectively. +We call the set $\mathcal{G}_n = \left\{ \pm I,\pm jI, \pm X,\pm jX, +\pm Y,\pm jY, \pm Z, \pm jZ \right\}^{\otimes n}$ the \emph{Pauli +group} over $n$ qubits. In the context of modifying qubit states, we also call operators \emph{gates}. When working with multi-qubit systems, we can also apply Pauli gates @@ -1101,16 +1110,17 @@ three main restrictions apply \cite[Sec.~2.4]{roffe_quantum_2019}: % General idea (logical vs. physical gates) + notation Much like in classical error correction, in \ac{qec} information -is protected by mapping it onto codewords in an expanded space, +is protected by mapping it onto codewords in a higher-dimensional space, thereby introducing redundancy. To this end, $k \in \mathbb{N}$ \emph{logical qubits} are mapped onto -$n \in \mathbb{N},~n>k$ \emph{physical qubits}. -We circumvent the no-cloning restriction by not copying the state of -the $k$ logical qubits, instead spreading it out over all $n$ -physical ones \cite[Intro.]{calderbank_good_1996} -To differentiate a quantum codes from classical ones, we denote a +$n \in \mathbb{N}$ \emph{physical qubits}, $n>k$. +We circumvent the no-cloning restriction by not copying the state of any of +the $k$ logical qubits, instead spreading the total state out over all $n$ +physical ones \cite[Intro.]{calderbank_good_1996}. +To differentiate quantum codes from classical ones, we denote a code with parameters $k,n$ and minimum distance $d_\text{min}$ using -double brackets, as $[[ n,k,d_\text{min} ]]$ \cite[Sec.~4]{roffe_quantum_2019}. +double brackets, as $\llbracket n,k,d_\text{min} \rrbracket$ +\cite[Sec.~4]{roffe_quantum_2019}. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Stabilizer Measurements} diff --git a/src/thesis/main.tex b/src/thesis/main.tex index 08cfa75..a86beb1 100644 --- a/src/thesis/main.tex +++ b/src/thesis/main.tex @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ % ]{biblatex} \usepackage{todonotes} \usepackage{quantikz} +\usepackage{stmaryrd} \usetikzlibrary{calc, positioning, arrows, fit}